Biochemical Principles:

 

The nature of biological molecules: Proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), lipids, carbohydrates.

Chemical properties of biological molecules: Structure, bonding, and reactivity.

Enzymes and enzyme kinetics: How enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions.

Metabolism:

 

Metabolic pathways: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and more.

Catabolism and anabolism: Breaking down and building up of biomolecules.

Regulation of metabolism: Hormones, feedback loops, and metabolic control.

Cell Biology:

 

Cellular organelles and their functions: Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.

Cell membrane structure and transport mechanisms.

Signal transduction pathways: How cells communicate and respond to stimuli.

Genetics and Molecular Biology:

 

DNA structure and replication.

RNA synthesis and processing.

Genetic information flow: Transcription, translation, and gene regulation.

DNA repair, recombination, and transposition.

Proteins and Enzymes:

 

Protein structure and folding.

Protein function and ligand binding.

Enzyme mechanisms and kinetics.

Protein purification and analysis.

Biochemical Techniques:

 

Various laboratory techniques used in biochemistry and molecular biology, such as gel electrophoresis, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Western blotting, and mass spectrometry.

Bioinformatics:

 

The use of computational methods and tools to analyze biological data, including sequence analysis, structural bioinformatics, and genomics.

Biological Macromolecules:

 

The structure and function of biological macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and polysaccharides.

Biological Membranes:

 

Membrane structure, transport mechanisms, and signal transduction.

Molecular Genetics:

 

Study of gene structure, regulation, and expression.

Cell Signaling:

 

Cellular communication and signal transduction pathways.

Cancer Biology:

 

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of cancer.

Biochemical Pathways:

 

Detailed examination of metabolic and biochemical pathways in various organisms.

Biochemical Pharmacology:

 

The study of drugs and their interactions with biochemical processes in the body.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering:

 

Applications of biochemistry and molecular biology in genetic modification, biopharmaceuticals, and genetic testing.

Environmental Biochemistry:

 

The study of how biochemical processes influence the environment and ecosystem.